Design and implementation of heterogeneous IoT wearables for multi-disease monitoring with OFDM-based spectrum allocation

Abstract

This research proposes a comprehensive and scalable architecture for intelligent healthcare monitoring, integrating heterogeneous wearable biosensors, edge computing, and bio-inspired optimization techniques employing an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based spectrum allocation strategy. The system continuously monitors key physiological parameters, including heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood glucose levels, body temperature, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, using low-power, biocompatible sensors with wireless communication capabilities. An edge computing layer performs real-time signal preprocessing (noise filtering, normalization, compression), significantly reducing latency and bandwidth demands. To optimize system performance, the walrus optimization algorithm (WOA), a novel metaheuristic inspired by walrus social and hunting behaviors, is employed. WOA is utilized to dynamically adjust critical parameters, including transmission power, modulation index, bandwidth allocation, and routing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate notable improvements: signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increased from 5 dB to over 31 dB, latency reduced from 10 ms to under 4 ms, and bit error rate (BER) was minimized to 8×10⁻⁶. Hybrid models incorporating WOA with machine learning (WOA-ANN, WOA-SVM) achieved spectral efficiencies up to 3.7 bits/s/Hz and energy efficiencies up to 22 bits/Joule. The proposed system supports reliable, real-time health data acquisition and transmission in both urban and remote healthcare environments. Its modular, power-efficient, and adaptive architecture demonstrates high potential for deployment in telemedicine, chronic disease management, and emergency response systems, establishing a robust foundation for next-generation smart healthcare infrastructure.