Technical-economic analysis for ON/OFF GRID solar photovoltaic system design

Abstract

This manuscript presents a detailed techno-economic analysis of a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) system designed to operate in both grid-connected (ON GRID) and stand-alone (OFF GRID) modes. The study focuses on the Leonardo Da Vinci academic building at Universidad de Los Llanos, located in Villavicencio, Colombia, in the tropical Orinoquía region. Using local solar irradiance, temperature data, and real load profiles from the facility, the system was modeled to assess performance under true operating conditions. A key part of the system design involved a detailed shadow analysis to identify potential obstructions and optimize solar access. This step significantly improved the accuracy of energy yield predictions and contributed to long-term system reliability. Additionally, regression-based methods were used to determine optimal panel tilt angles and refine system sizing based on peak sun hours. Both ON GRID and OFF GRID configurations were evaluated in terms of energy output, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). Results show that ON GRID systems are financially advantageous in urban environments with net metering, while OFF GRID systems are critical for ensuring energy autonomy in remote or underserved areas. The findings provide practical insights for the deployment of hybrid PV systems in institutional settings across equatorial regions.